Can airlines join more than one alliances?

Can airlines join more than one alliances?

Maybe. That's up to what the alliances' rules are. But it would be complicated so I've never heard of it.

Airlines have moved from one to another over time.

It is not much use from the Airlines point of view to be a member of multiple alliances.
The complications for loyalty programs are just part of the reason Airlines are with just one Alliance at a time.

They do have agreements Airline to Airline from different Alliance groups. For some limited flight itineraries.

For the big 3 alliances, NO.
However, airlines within an alliance can codeshare with airlines of other alliances to a point. There's many rules that common folk like us don't know and quite franlky is irrelevant but the big rule is they can only be part of one major alliance. They wouldn't even be accepted to another. As mentioned, if they really needed to be part of another alliance, they would have to quit the first. It's a complicated and long process.
Often times, when an airline merges with another airline and both are part of different alliances, it's necessary to change alliances to align and optimize route networks. They will go with the alliance that best fits the new airline going forward. But in that case, they would have to drop one anyhow. But they have a window of time to do it as merges take years to complete

I would expect if an airline joins either Star Alliance, OneWorld or SkyTeam, it is pretty exclusive and the airline can't join one of the other 2. One of the requirements I think to join one of these 3 alliances is that the airline paints a certain number of their aircraft basically telling everyone that they belong in that particular alliance. Plus I think it is pretty expensive to join one of these alliances so I doubt an airline will try to join more than 1. They may code-share with airlines that do not belong in the same alliance.

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